A move away from the Arabic script was strongly opposed by conservative and religious elements. The romanization issue was raised again in 1923 during the İzmir Economic Congress of the new Turkish Republic, sparking a public debate that was to continue for several years. It was for a time the official script of the Army. In 1917, Enver Pasha introduced a revised alphabet, the hurûf-ı munfasıla representing Turkish sounds more accurately it was based on Arabic letter forms, but written separately, not joined cursively. At the start of the 20th century, similar proposals were made by several writers associated with the Young Turk movement, including Hüseyin Cahit, Abdullah Cevdet and Celâl Nuri. In 1862, during an earlier period of reform, the statesman Münif Pasha advocated a reform of the alphabet. Some Turkish reformers promoted the Latin script well before Atatürk's reforms. The first 3 lines in Ottoman Turkish Arabic script give the date in the Rumi, 20 Teşrin-i Evvel 1311, and Islamic, 14 Jumādā al-Ūlā 1313, calendars the Julian and Gregorian (in French) dates appear below. A calendar page for Novem(October 20 OS) in cosmopolitan Thessaloniki. The introduction of the telegraph and the printing press in the 19th century exposed further weaknesses in the Arabic script. Arabic has several consonants that do not exist in Turkish, making several Arabic letters superfluous. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet however was poorly suited to Arabic and Persian loanwords which needed to be memorized by students learning Turkish as it would omit vowels making them difficult to read. Other Oghuz Turkic languages such as Azerbaijani and Turkmen enjoyed a high degree of written mutual intelligibility as the Ottoman Alphabet catered to anachronistic Turkic consonants and spellings that demonstrated Anatolian Turkish' shared history with Azerbaijani and Turkmen. Turkic words had all of their vowels written in and had systematic spelling rules and seldom needed to be memorized. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a form of the Perso-Arabic script that, despite not being able to differentiate O and U, was otherwise generally better suited to writing Turkic words rather than Perso-Arabic words. Though the Seljuks used Persian as their official language, in the late Seljuk period, Turkish began to be written again in Anatolia in the nascent Ottoman state. When Turks adopted Islam, they began to use Arabic script for their languages, especially under the Kara-Khanids. The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the Orkhon script. The various Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets, including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin and other writing systems. Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including the Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets.įirst page of Siyer-i Nebi (1832) in printed Ottoman Turkish. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( Ottoman Turkish: الفبا, elifbâ) is a version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. There are several systems of transliteration into the Latin alphabet for this article, the MLC Transcription System is used.This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The alphabet has undergone considerable modification to suit the evolving phonology of the Burmese language. Burmese calligraphy originally followed a square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as parabaiks. The earliest evidence of the Burmese alphabet is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984. It is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability. The characters are rounded in appearance because the traditional palm leaves used for writing on with a stylus would have been ripped by straight lines. Besides the Burmese language, the Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit. In recent decades, other alphabets using the Mon script, including Shan and Mon itself, have been restructured according to the standard of the now-dominant Burmese alphabet. It is an adaptation of the Old Mon script or the Pyu script. The Burmese script (MLCTS: mranma akkha.ra pronounced: ) is an abugida in the Brahmic family, used for writing Burmese.
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